Walter Benjamin, a German Jewish intellectual and cultural critic associated with the Frankfurt School, had insightful perspectives on the relationship between skill and art. He was a critic who explored how technological advancements transform the essence of art and human perception. Benjamin's approach to art was informed by his engagement with historical materialism, a key tenet of Marxist thought. He sought to understand art within the broader context of social and economic relations, examining how changes in production and technology influenced artistic expression. His reflections on art were part of a broader analysis of modernity and its impact on various aspects of life.
One of Benjamin's significant contributions is found in his essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." He argued that the advent of technologies like photography and film disrupted traditional notions of artistic skill. Mechanical reproduction, he argued, separated the work of art from its unique, authentic existence.
He introduced the concept of "aura" to describe the unique presence and authenticity of an artwork in its original form. He defined it as the unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be the singular "here and now" of a traditional work of art.
With the loss of aura through mechanical reproduction, the traditional connection between skill and the uniqueness of the original work was challenged.
With the advent of reproduction technologies like photography and film, a work of art no longer needs to exist as a single "original." Reproduction removes the authority and mystery of the source, leading to the decay of the aura.
In the past, art served ritualistic or magical functions. It was often hidden away or tied to a specific sacred location. Art stripped of its aura is brought closer to the masses. People begin to view art not as an object of mystical veneration, but as a subject for analysis and critique. Modern reproduction makes art accessible to anyone, anywhere. The significance of art now lies in its "exhibitiability"—how it is shown and how it functions within the public sphere.
As technical skill becomes more widespread, the boundary between author and public blurs. He viewed the process of a reader becoming a writer or a spectator becoming an expert as a democratic practice that liberates art from elite exclusivity.
While traditional art (like painting) demanded deep immersion and contemplation, new technical arts (like film) require a different mode of perception.
The masses consume film in a state of "distraction," much like how one experiences architecture. This is not passive; it is a way for the modern individual to train their perception to handle the shocks of modern life.
The rapid changes in film scenes provide a psychological "shock" that interrupts habitual thought patterns, serving as a catalyst for critical awareness.
For Benjamin, skill (technique) is not merely a matter of craftsmanship but a "technique" (Ger. Technik) that changes social relations.
An artist should not just produce "good" works but should revolutionize the technical means of their medium (writing, photography, radio, etc.).
In summary, Walter Benjamin's understanding of skill and art is deeply entwined with his broader philosophical inquiries into modernity, technology, and cultural transformation. His reflections on the impact of mechanical reproduction on the aura of the artwork and the role of traditional artistic skills remain influential in discussions about the nature of art in the contemporary age.
[1]
Benjamin, W. (2008). The work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility, and other writings on media. Harvard University Press.
[2] Benjamin, A. (2005). Walter Benjamin and art. A&C Black.
[3] Osborne, P. (Ed.). (2005). Walter Benjamin: Philosophy (Vol. 1). Taylor & Francis.
[4] Eiland, H., & Jennings, M. W. (2014). Walter Benjamin: A critical life. Harvard University Press.
[5] Caygill, H. (2020). Walter Benjamin: The colour of experience. Routledge.
[6] Smith, G. (Ed.). (1989). Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History. University of Chicago Press.
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